A systematic review of passive cooling strategies integrating traditional wisdom and modern innovations for sustainable development in arid urban environments

Urban environments in hot-arid regions are increasingly challenged by rising temperatures, rapid urban expansion, and the heavy reliance on energy-intensive mechanical cooling systems. This study presents a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature from 2000 to 2025 to assess both traditional and contemporary passive cooling strategies tailored for arid urban settings. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 30 high-quality studies were selected from leading databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The selected works span diverse geographical contexts, from the Middle East and North Africa to parts of South Asia, and apply a range of methods including field experiments, computer-based simulations, and qualitative analyses. Findings highlight strong consensus around core passive principles such as solar control, natural ventilation, and the use of thermal mass. Vernacular solutions like courtyards, wind towers, and thick masonry walls remain effective, while innovations such as cool roofs, phase change materials, and parametric optimization techniques expand the design toolkit. Nevertheless, the implementation of these strategies is often limited by climate variability, cultural shifts, regulatory frameworks, and economic feasibility. The review concludes that context-sensitive, hybrid solutions, combining traditional knowledge with modern technology, hold the greatest potential for achieving sustainable thermal comfort. To be effective, these approaches must be supported by climate-adaptive urban planning, user-centered design, and updated building regulations. The study offers practical insights for architects, planners, and policymakers aiming to create resilient, low-carbon cities that harmonize cultural identity with environmental responsibility.