Differential Effects of 825 nm and 525 nm Photobiomodulation on Neural Differentiation and Mitochondrial Activity in ADSC-Derived Neurospheres

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non invasive technique that utilizes light to modulate cellular processes and promote tissue regeneration. In the context of regenerative therapies, PBM has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into neurospheres. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PBM on neurosphere growth, mitochondrial function, and cellular differentiation, focusing on 825 and 525 nm wavelengths and at 5 and 10 J/cm² fluences. Our results demonstrate that PBM modulates neurosphere size and growth kinetics with distinct effects observed at different wavelength and fluence combinations. Notably, 825 nm at 5 J/cm² promoted larger neurospheres with slower growth rates, while 525 nm at 10 J/cm² induced smaller, rapidly differentiating clusters. We also observed wavelength-dependent effects on mitochondrial function and cellular differentiation, accompanied by increased gene expression of β-tubulin III and NeuN levels by Day 11. These findings highlight the multifaceted impact of PBM on cellular behavior, promoting differentiation and modulating mitochondrial function. Our results suggest that PBM has potential as a non invasive approach for stem cell-based therapies aimed at neural repair and regeneration and warrant further investigation into its mechanisms and applications.