Dealing with complexity – the state of problem structuring methods in Europe and beyond

Purpose This paper aims to identify the current level of use of problem structuring methods (PSMs) and facilitated modelling within the wider analytical field of operational research (OR) and across different applications and problem domains. Design/methodology/approach An analysis of practical applications of PSMs around the world has been carried out, based on papers published in discipline-based journals over a fifteen-year period. The analysis identified the countries that these applications of PSMs have been carried out in order to assess the spread of facilitated modelling and PSMs around the world. At the same time, the particular problem domain that each application focused on was examined in order to identify the types of problems that this branch of the analytical discipline of OR has been involved with. Findings Our findings have shown that the domain of facilitated modelling remains popular and have provided evidence of a steady level of use of PSMs covering a very diverse mix of countries. The findings also highlight the engagement of this branch of OR with new types of “messy” problems, such as sustainability and climate change. On the other hand, a lack of formal recognition of PSMs by American OR societies still appears to be the case, with their academic journals continuing to favour the more traditional and goal-seeking orientated part of the discipline. Practical implications There is a need for a more intense dialogue between the advocates of the different research traditions, as these are expressed in various parts of the world, and for the further development of operational researchers' soft and facilitation skills. Originality/value The paper offers an up-to-date account of the state of the field of PSMs and the current use of facilitated modelling approaches across different applications and problem domains.