2D materials assisted terahertz modulators and sensors

Terahertz (THz) technology, with its unique advantages of high-bandwidth transmission, non-ionizing radiation, and molecular fingerprint recognition, has emerged as a powerful platform for next-generation wireless communications and non-destructive sensing applications. However, the advancement of THz technology remains constrained, partly due to the lack of efficient functional devices. Consequently, the materials used to fabricate the devices have drawn significant attention. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with their atomic-scale thickness and unique optoelectronic properties, allow subwavelength-scale manipulation of light’s phase, amplitude, and polarization, making them ideal for THz modulator and sensor development. This review comprehensively examines 2D material-based THz modulators and sensors, highlighting key materials (graphene, TMDs, MXenes) and the operational mechanisms that enable their functionality. We analyze state-of-the-art device implementations and address current challenges in the field. These 2D materials demonstrate significant potential for advancing THz technology through innovative device designs.