Chamomile oil and apigenin as novel modulators of mexA, mexB, mexR, and oprM efflux pump genes in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Accordingly, these novel findings suggest that chamomile oil and apigenin can have a significant effect on inhibiting efflux pump gene expression, thus combating multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, and offering new avenues for developing effective natural therapeutic adjuvants to overcome antibiotic resistance. This is preliminary evidence for the gene regulatory potential of chamomile oil and apigenin.