Chronic Disease Monitoring Using Advanced Compliant Materials for Bioelectronics

ABSTRACT Chronic disease arises slowly through complex physiological factors that require continuous monitoring and treatment. Compliant bioelectronics with soft, stretchable, and tissue‐conformal designs allow for in vivo continuous monitoring through electrophysiological, mechanical, and biochemical modalities, while minimizing tissue irritation and immune system response. In this review, we discuss recent progress in material development, device design, and versatile sensing modalities that allow stable long‐term operation in dynamic biological environments. We focus on chronic electrophysiological systems for neural and cardiac recording, mechanical sensing systems for strain and pressure, and electrochemical sensors for molecular biomarkers. In addition, we examine self‐powered bioelectronics based on piezoelectric and triboelectric energy conversion mechanisms that eliminate the requirement for external batteries, whereas multimodal and closed‐loop systems combine sensing with therapeutic feedback. We consider key parameters like material biocompatibility, device flexibility, and long‐term stability that are required for chronic monitoring to maintain stable signal quality over long time periods relevant for clinical recordings. These technologies for compliant bioelectronics enable early disease diagnosis, personalized treatment and continuous intervention for patients, narrowing the gap between laboratory study and routine clinical applications.