Maritime TVET in Transition: Global Trends, Institutional Innovation, and Strategic Reform

The rapid transformation of the maritime industry, driven by technological advancements, digitalisation, and evolving regulatory frameworks, has created an urgent need to modernise maritime Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). This review examines the current landscape, innovations, and challenges in maritime TVET by analysing a broad range of recent academic and institutional literature. The study identifies key areas of focus, including curriculum relevance, simulation-based and digital learning, competency-based education, and strong industry-academic collaboration. It highlights the importance of integrating emerging technologies such as e-learning, virtual reality, and smart glass to meet industry standards and prepare graduates for dynamic maritime careers. Additionally, it emphasises the necessity of expanding access to TVET pathways, upgrading instructor competencies, and aligning national policy with practical workforce demands. The findings underscore that a flexible, responsive, and industry-aligned TVET system, supported by sustainable funding, global collaboration, and policy reform, is essential for developing a future-ready maritime workforce capable of supporting sustainable growth.