Airborne laser scanning transects over Canada's northern forests: lidar plots for science and application

Abstract. Mapping vegetation is required for monitoring the condition of forest resources. Satellite data provide information on land cover and change; however, forest structural attributes are difficult to model without additional measurements from ground plots or airborne laser scanning (ALS, also known as airborne light detection and ranging or lidar) instruments. Over large and inaccessible areas, such as Canada's northern and predominantly unmanaged forests, ground plots are expensive, difficult to install, and unlikely to form a statistically valid probability sample. An alternative means to obtain information regarding forest structure in these situations is samples of ALS (hereafter lidar plots). Transect-based samples of ALS data can be used to provide structural information for the calibration and validation of spatially explicit predictive modelling for wide-area mapping of forest attributes. Here we describe and share data from the recent acquisition and processing of ALS transects across Canada's northern forests. Approximately 55 000 km of ALS transects have been acquired in 2023, 2024, and 2025. Acquisition specifications included minimum swath widths of 500 m (year 2023) or 800 m (2024 and 2025), with a minimum pulse density of 12 pulses m−2. Acquisition flight lines were designed to sample a range of northern forest conditions and to correspond with a concurrent ground plot sampling campaign. Airborne laser scanning data were processed into height-normalized point clouds and reprojected to a custom Lambert conformal conic projection to align with existing national satellite information products. More than 15 million 900 m2 lidar plots were generated from the 2023 transect dataset with point cloud metrics (i.e., area-based statistical summaries of the ALS point cloud) calculated for each 30 m by 30 m cell. Presently, the 2023 lidar plots and their associated point cloud metrics are stored in openly available SQLite GeoPackages, with additional annual transect collections to be added as available. To accommodate a wide range of users and applications, both comprehensive and abridged versions of the metric databases, with 369 metrics and 40 metrics, respectively, are shared. The framework underlying this dataset is fully transferable to other regions with comparable information needs. The flexible data structure used allows seamless integration of additional open-access ALS transect data as new acquisitions and processing become available. By providing detailed, scalable measurements that bridge the gap between ground observations and wall-to-wall satellite information products, this open-access resource empowers both the scientific and operational forestry communities. These data will drive the development of enhanced wildfire fuels maps, comprehensive forest inventories, and robust carbon products, supporting informed decision making and advancing sustainable forest management. The 2023 lidar plots and point cloud metrics described here are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16782860 on Zenodo (Bater et al., 2025).