Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Security, and Vehicle-to-Grid Integration

The global energy sector is transitioning from centralized power systems to decentralized energy networks driven by renewable energy prosumers. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a promising solution; however, challenges related to security, transparency, scalability, and mobile energy integration persist. This paper presents a systematic review of blockchain-based P2P energy trading frameworks, focusing on architectural designs, smart contract automation, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) integration. Recent studies published between 2023 and 2026 are analyzed with respect to performance metrics such as scalability, latency, data integrity, and security resilience. The findings indicate that permissioned blockchain platforms significantly reduce transaction costs while improving settlement efficiency. Nevertheless, technical limitations such as computational overhead and smart meter vulnerabilities remain unresolved. Finally, future research directions including AI-driven pricing mechanisms and cross-chain interoperability are discussed.