Seller intentions to switch for quick response code payment in culinary sector: An empirical study from Indonesia

The adoption of QRIS as a national standardized digital payment system has been widely promoted in Indonesia; however, empirical evidence from the merchant perspective remains limited. This study examines MSME owners' switching intention from cash to QRIS by applying the Push–Pull–Mooring (PPM) framework. Survey data were collected from culinary MSMEs in Indonesia and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with 237 valid data. The results suggest that switching intention is primarily associated with push factors related to the declining perceived value of cash and pull factors reflecting the attractiveness of QRIS, particularly perceived value and favorable attitudes toward QRIS. In contrast, several mooring-related factors, including technological self-efficacy, perceived threats, and the moderating role of inertia, were not supported in this context. Descriptive evidence further indicates that most MSMEs adopt QRIS as part of a hybrid payment model, using it alongside cash rather than fully replacing traditional payment methods. This study contributes to the digital payment literature by extending the PPM framework to the MSME level and demonstrating that payment switching among merchants often involves partial rather than total switching. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers and payment service providers by highlighting the importance of enhancing the perceived benefits and attractiveness of digital payments while accommodating MSMEs’ operational flexibility.