Characteristics and Behavior of Cement-Based Composites with Biomaterials

The increasing environmental concerns associated with traditional construction materials have forced the exploration of sustainable alternatives, such as biomaterials in cement-based composites. Despite their potential to significantly reduce carbon footprints and enhance environmental sustainability, comprehensive literature analyzing the integration, characteristics, and behavior of biomaterials within cement matrices remains sparse. This gap underscores a crucial need for a review to consolidate existing knowledge and identify future research trajectories. This study aims to conduct a review of the characteristics and behavior of cement-based composites with biomaterials. It also aims to establish a clear understanding of how biomaterials affect the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of cement-based composites. To maintain a clearly defined objective, this review is guided by three questions: (i) which biomaterial families have been investigated in cement-based composites and how they are integrated at binder, aggregate, fiber, and biologically mediated levels; (ii) what mechanisms most consistently explain reported changes in fresh properties, mechanical performance, and transport-related behavior; and (iii) which testing and monitoring approaches are used to quantify long-term performance, durability, and serviceability implications. The focus extends to evaluating the environmental impact through lifecycle analyses and the potential reduction in carbon emissions. The importance of this research lies in its ability to provide a robust foundation for future innovations in construction material technology. By highlighting current trends and gaps, it serves as a critical resource for researchers and industry practitioners aiming to develop more sustainable building solutions. Moreover, this review is poised to inform policy-making by presenting empirically supported data on the benefits and challenges associated with biomaterials in construction, thereby promoting more informed decisions towards sustainable urban development.