Comprehensive Study of Entanglement Photon Source: Bulk Optics, Waveguides and Integrated Photonic Chip Hardware

In quantum technology, entanglement is the key resource to perform experiments in quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum sensing and metrology. Generation, characterization and distribution of entanglement deterministically is still an active research area. In contemporary, probabilistic entanglement sources based on parametric down-conversion process remain the workhorse for experimental demonstrations and practical applications, despite their inherent limitations of on-demand entangled photon generation. Over the years, three main technological architectures have evolved for generating probabilistic entangled-photon source; bulk-optics, waveguides and integrated photonic chips, each comprising several distinct architectural approaches tailored to different applications. This review article talks about the state of the art in probabilistic entangled photon source, examining the advancement from free space bulk non-linear optics to fiber based waveguides and scalable photonic chips with their current limitations, presenting a road map for researchers to choose the most appropriate platform for their quantum photonic applications.