Clubroot disease revisited: molecular insights into pathogenesis and host resistance

Abstract Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, the pathogen responsible for clubroot, poses a major threat to the production of cruciferous crops worldwide. The clubroot disease creates swollen, club-shaped galls on roots, which disrupt water and nutrient transport, leading to stunted plant growth or, in severe cases, plant death. Its widespread distribution and severe economic consequences underscore the urgent need for a deeper understanding of this notorious plant disease. In this review, we synthesize recent advances in understanding the life cycle, genome, and effector biology of the clubroot pathogen, as well as progress in elucidating the clubroot resistance of cruciferous plants. We also discuss persistent challenges and outline future research priorities aimed at unraveling the molecular basis of interactions between P. brassicae and its cruciferous hosts. Such insights may facilitate the development of more effective and sustainable strategies for controlling clubroot.