Explainable Machine Learning for Assessing Digital Health Literacy in Older Adults: Validation and Development of a Two-Stage Model Integrating Performance-Based and Self-Assessed Indicators

By explicitly integrating performance-based and self-assessed indicators within an explainable machine learning framework, this study demonstrates that DHL in older adults is influenced by both digital engagement and health management factors. These findings suggest that the proposed framework can serve as a structured approach for evaluating DHL in older adults and inform the design of personalized digital health interventions in clinical and community settings.