Floristic diversity and structural dynamics of woody species in the natural forests of Bonou, Pobè, and Niaouli, southern Benin

Abstract This study provides a comparative analysis of the floristic diversity, structural characteristics, and regeneration potential of three southern Benin natural forests: Bonou, Pobè, and Niaouli. Employing a range of dendrometric parameters, regeneration density classes, and biodiversity indices, the study identifies key ecological traits and conservation needs for each forest. Bonou Forest exhibited the highest density of tree stems and basal area, indicating a dense population with robust canopy coverage. In contrast, Pobè Forest had the largest average tree diameter, suggesting a mature forest structure. The analysis of diameter distribution revealed an inverted J-shaped structure across all forests, indicative of multi-species stands with healthy regeneration patterns dominated by trees in the 10–30 cm diameter range. Floristic diversity assessments highlighted Pobè Forest’s exceptional species richness and floristic originality, with 47.45% of species unique to this forest, while Bonou Forest displayed the highest Shannon Diversity Index and evenness, suggesting a balanced ecosystem. Regeneration density analyses revealed significant variation, with Bonou and Pobè forests showing higher regeneration densities across all stages than Niaouli, which recorded a limited density of seedlings. These findings stress the need for tailored conservation strategies: while Pobè’s high species richness calls for efforts to maintain its unique biodiversity, Bonou’s even distribution suggests resilience that can be sustained through existing management practices. For Niaouli, targeted actions to support regeneration are essential for sustaining ecological balance. This study highlights the critical role of diverse regeneration dynamics and floristic originality in forest resilience, informing conservation strategies for biodiversity maintenance in Benin’s natural forests.