Elucidating the potential carcinogenic molecular mechanisms of parabens in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through network toxicology and molecular docking

Parabens may promote HNSCC progression by disrupting cell cycle regulation and immune responses via direct interactions with key hub genes. These findings provide a novel mechanistic basis for the carcinogenic potential of parabens in HNSCC and underscore the need for further experimental and epidemiological validation.