Between bullets and outbreaks: epidemic control in Sudan’s forgotten war

Two years into Sudan's prolonged war, the collapse of health systems has fueled multiple concurrent epidemics, triggering a complex humanitarian emergency with regional spillover risks. Over 30 million people need aid, more than 11 million displaced internally, and cross-border movement has exacerbated the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases, including Cholera, Measles, and circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). This review analyzes emerging epidemiological patterns and operational barriers to epidemic control in the context of armed conflict, displacement, and infrastructure collapse. It concludes with targeted recommendations for conflict-sensitive public health interventions.