Combined Antineoplastic Effects of Metformin, Boric Acid and Resveratrol in SKOV3 Ovarian Cancer Cells

<b>Background:</b> Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by aggressive progression, high metastatic potential, and frequent resistance to conventional chemotherapy, highlighting the need for novel combination-based therapeutic strategies. Metformin has emerged as a promising antineoplastic agent; however, its efficacy may be enhanced through combination with bioactive compounds. This study aimed to investigate the antineoplastic effects of metformin in SKOV3 human OC cells and to evaluate whether these effects could be potentiated by boric acid (BA) and resveratrol, with particular emphasis on their modulatory impact on key inflammatory and tumor-associated biomarkers, including interleukin-17 (IL-17), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and midkine (MDK). <b>Methods:</b> SKOV3 cells were treated with metformin, BA, and resveratrol as monotherapies or in combination. Cell viability was assessed using a colorimetric assay, while migratory capacity was evaluated by wound healing analysis. The expression levels of IL-17, NF-κB, and MDK were quantified in cell lysates, and p21 protein expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. <b>Results:</b> All treatments induced concentration- and time-dependent reductions in cell viability. Combination treatments, particularly metformin with boric acid or resveratrol, produced more pronounced inhibitory effects on cell survival and migration compared with single-agent treatments. Inflammatory and tumor-associated biomarkers, including IL-17, NF-κB, and MDK, were significantly modulated following treatment. Additionally, increased p21 expression was observed in treated cells, indicating enhanced cell cycle regulatory activity. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings indicate that BA and resveratrol enhance the antineoplastic activity of metformin in SKOV3 OC cells by suppressing proliferative and migratory capacities and modulating inflammatory mediators such as IL-17, NF-κB, and MDK. However, since toxicity assessments in non-cancerous cells were not performed, the safety profile of this combination remains unclear and requires further investigation in non-cancerous models.