Evaluation of Sedative and Anxiolytic Properties of Violet Oil: A Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry and Network Pharmacology-based Study in Swiss Albino Mice

A BSTRACT Background: Anxiety and insomnia are prevalent global health issues with limited effective treatments. Viola odorata L. (sweet violet) is traditionally known for its calming effects, although scientific validation remains sparse. Objective: This study investigated the sedative and anxiolytic potential of violet oil derived from V. odorata using phytochemical profiling, network pharmacology, and animal behavioral models. Materials and Methods: Bioactive constituents of violet oil were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Network pharmacology analysis predicted molecular targets and pathways. Swiss albino mice were orally administered violet oil (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg), with diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and vehicle serving as controls. Behavioral assays – rota-rod, elevated plus maze, actophotometer, light-dark box, and hole board – evaluated sedative and anxiolytic effects. Results: GC-MS identified 36 compounds, notably humulene (45.3%), alpha-ionone (15.88%), caryophyllene (9.88%), and alpha-isomethyl ionone (9.71%). Network pharmacology revealed 23 potential targets and 17 pathways, including those related to circadian rhythm and thyroid hormone signaling. Violet oil at 8 mg/kg significantly increased falls in the rota-rod test ( P < 0.05), indicating muscle relaxation. In the elevated plus maze, doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg increased time spent in open arms ( P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), suggesting anxiolytic activity. All doses reduced locomotor activity ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and increased time in the illuminated area of the light-dark box ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.01), comparable to diazepam. Conclusion: Violet oil from V. odorata exhibits notable sedative and anxiolytic effects, likely mediated via multiple pathways involving terpenes and ionones. These results support its traditional use for anxiety and sleep disorders and suggest its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.