An experimental validation of computational fluid dynamics for airflow in a subject-specific normal human nasal model using a precise 3D-printed replica

This study establishes a methodological framework for validating subject-specific nasal airflow simulations using high-fidelity 3D-printed replicas. Our findings confirm the accuracy of the standard k-ε turbulence model for this specific anatomy at low to moderate physiological flow rates. However, deviations at high flow rates highlight the limitations of standard turbulence models and experimental uncertainties in complex regimes. This validated methodology offers a robust tool for future clinical assessments of nasal resistance.