Exploiting Microalgae Biorefineries for Low‐Carbon Strategies in Sustainable Algae‐Green Buildings

ABSTRACT Carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels have intensified climate change, contributing to extreme weather, rising sea levels, and environmental degradation. In response, research has turned to algae‐integrated green building systems to support low‐carbon solutions. Microalgae biorefineries follow the principles of a circular bioeconomy by capturing carbon dioxide, converting biomass into biofuels, and aiding in wastewater treatment. Microalgae‐based biomass offers a sustainable alternative to fossil‐based products and help reduce atmospheric carbon levels. However, challenges remain in upstream and downstream processes, including the high cost of chemical culture media, energy demands for biomass harvesting, and intensive conversion techniques. Addressing these issues requires modifications in photobioreactor design and the use of affordable or recycled culture media. This review explores recent low‐carbon technologies in microalgae biotechnology, emphasizing algae‐integrated buildings. It examines various carbon capture strategies and the potential use of microalgae integrated into building systems, including energy generation, facades, and natural shading.