Global transcriptomic profiling and mutant analysis suggest linked 3-chlorobenzoate metabolism and activation of an integrative and conjugative element in <i>Pseudomonas putida</i>

Bacterial conjugation is widely appreciated for its diversity, its molecular details, and evolutionary consequences. However, the regulation of the onset of the conjugative process in or by the host cell is frequently taken for granted, whereas any influence of environmental or cellular cues on the rates of conjugation can have drastic consequences on both positive and negative outcomes of conjugation-dependent adaptation (e.g., the distribution of genes for antibiotic resistance). We study here a particular case of an integrative and conjugative element (ICEclc), representative of a widely distributed family of elements pervasive in pseudomonads, which has a modulable conjugation rate in donor populations that is dependent on the proportion of transfer-competent cells arising in stationary phase. Transfer-competent cell appearance permits to quantify and understand conditions favoring ICE activation and transfer, and we show here how the ICE reacts to differences in the physiological states of the host cell under influence of its metabolism of aromatic compounds.