Comparison of the treatments in crack use disorder : A Systematic Review

We identified 3,313 records, of which 46 were eligible, and 33 were finally included. Among the 33 studies, 15 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Among the RCTs, the majority had a moderate risk of bias (8/15), followed by high risk (6/15), and only one had a low risk of overall bias. Contingency management demonstrated significant results in improving abstinence rates, treatment retention, and mental health outcomes. Pharmacological trials showed variable results, though dexamfetamine demonstrated some promise in reducing drug use. Adjunct trials highlighted the potential of transcranial direct current stimulation to improve abstinence rates and quality of life.The other studies collectively underscored the effectiveness of adjunct therapies, case management, peer engagement, outreach, and safer smoking places in addressing substance use, treatment retention and improving related health outcomes. The findings highlight that tailored interventions supported by contingency management approach, enhance engagement and treatment effectiveness.