Scalable and Interoperable Hybrid Blockchain Framework: Architectural Layers and Consensus Mechanism Design

In this paper, a scalable interoperable hybrid blockchain systems based on a novel seven-layer architecture is proposed. The model thereby solves the three problems that have restricted the development of traditional blockchains, i.e., low transaction throughput, inability of cross-chain communication, architectural rigidity, by clearly dividing responsibilities into separate layers dedicated to core infrastructure, operation systems, and application ecosystems. It applies a hybrid consensus approach where Proof of Stake (PoS) is adopted for global finality and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is employed for shard-level consensus, offering energy efficiency as well as fault tolerance. With rollups, sharding, and interoperability protocols e.g. Polkadot, and IBC, it boasts high performance, modular extensibility and app-ability for real-world use-cases such as finance, IoT and healthcare. The proposed architecture would act as a basis for development in AI-driven smart contracts, privacy-preserving computation and quantum-secured consensus.