Temperature-Dependent Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Batteries

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique due to its noninvasive probing capabilities. However, due to its nature of ambiguity, it suffers from degeneracy in uniquely probing the physical phenomena in batteries. Therefore, other external factors are required to analyze these phenomena. Temperature-dependent EIS offers a unique means to overcome these limitations by providing insights into the thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport properties governing electrochemical behavior. This study discusses the basics, methodologies, and applications of temperature-dependent EIS for batteries. We first introduce EIS and discuss the reasons for ambiguity. We then discuss other complementary methods, in addition to temperature-dependent experiments, to enhance the assignment of impedance features to specific electrochemical phenomena. Next, we discuss temperature-dependent EIS, starting with a review of the mathematical and instrumental background. Finally, we survey various implementations of temperature-dependent EIS, demonstrating how temperature variation enables and enhances the identification of electrochemical phenomena.