Hybrid Distribution Strategies for Perishable Food Supply Chains: An Optimization Case Study

Efficient food distribution is critical for enhancing supply chain sustainability, especially in regions characterized by logistical and climatic challenges. However, there is a notable lack of systematic studies addressing how centralized distribution centers versus direct shipment strategies impact the resilience and cost-efficiency of food supply networks in arid and resource-constrained environments. To bridge this gap, this study develops a mathematical optimization model to design a cost-effective and resilient food supply network adapted to Qatar’s unique geographical and demand conditions. The model integrates both centralized and direct shipment strategies, balancing facility fixed costs against transportation efficiencies, with up to 30% lower transportation costs for routes involving distribution centers due to consolidation benefits. Optimization results recommend establishing a single distribution center at Rawdat Rashed to serve densely clustered urban retailers in Doha and Al Rayyan, utilizing 29–34 trucks per farm for consolidated shipments, complemented by direct farm-to-retailer deliveries for geographically dispersed locations like Al Khor and Al Wakrah with 4–9 trucks per farm. This hybrid strategy reduces total operational costs by optimizing transportation and facility expenses while fully meeting supply and demand constraints. Managerial insights underscore the need for flexible logistics planning, advocating centralized distribution for high-density areas and direct shipments for remote retailers. The findings offer actionable guidance for optimizing food distribution networks and strengthening supply chain resilience in regions facing harsh environmental limitations.