Surface-Activated Zirconia Nanotubes with UV-Assisted Mg Deposition: Novel Bioinstructive Implants

Modern bioimplants increasingly depend on surface-engineered functionality to elicit adaptive biological responses. One promising strategy involves the electrodeposition of bioresponsive elements such as magnesium (Mg), which plays a critical role in osseointegration. In this study, we present a novel approach for modifying anodized zirconia nanotubes (ZrNTs) via Mg decoration using electrochemical deposition. A controlled pulsed cathodic linear sweep protocol was employed to control Mg deposition behaviour, enabling reduced clustering and improved spatial distribution. Notably, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was found to influence Mg adsorption dynamics, revealing a distinct pattern of interaction. Comprehensive surface characterization was conducted to assess nanotube morphology, Mg adherence, and distribution. These modified surfaces were subsequently evaluated for their potential in further functionalization, targeting surface chemistries conducive to biomaterial viability. The biomineralization capacity of Mg-decorated ZrNTs was systematically investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel analysis, demonstrating enhanced apatite formation and improved corrosion resistance. This work establishes Mg decoration of ZrNTs as a viable route for developing bioactive, corrosion-resistant implant surfaces.