Systematic Review of Orthodontic Treatment Modalities: Efficacy, Costs and Patient Satisfaction

Abstract This systematic review searches for the effectiveness, cost-benefit and patient satisfaction of different forms of orthodontic treatment, such as fixed appliances, clear aligners and minimally to non-invasive therapies. The review is conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations and includes a thorough search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases. Types of studies were clinical trials, cohort and case–control studies and meta-analyses published in 2010–2025. The inclusion criteria were study design, outcome measures and treatment. The findings indicate that clear aligners (CAs) (Invisalign) lead to a great impression regarding patient satisfaction and QoL. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as acupuncture and laser therapy, have been proposed to be useful in the treatment of pain. Moreover, non-invasive interventions such as a home exercise program for temporomandibular disorders and bracing and exercise for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis showed effectiveness. Orthodontic treatment has been shifting toward less invasive and more patient-oriented treatment approaches. Aesthetic and comfort-related advantages have made CAs extremely popular, while non-pharmacological therapies could be an alternative to the pain-relieving management. The incorporation of these modalities will enhance clinical results and patient fulfilment.