Proteomic insights into plant-endophyte interactions: advancing understanding of mutualistic symbiosis and plant resilience

Endophytic microorganisms are a vital part of the plant microbiome, contributing significantly to the plant's growth, development, and stress tolerance. Proteomics investigations have significantly enhanced our comprehension of the interactions between plants and endophytes, illuminating the complex molecular mechanisms that govern these mutually beneficial relationships. The review aims to integrate the latest developments in proteomic research concerning endophyte-plant interactions, emphasizing on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the benefit imparted to the host plant by the symbionts. The special focus of the review is to discuss the proteome level changes happening at the early recognition events, primary and secondary metabolism, signaling pathways, and defense mechanisms. By underscoring critical proteomic signatures, the review aspires to offer insights into how these interactions enhance plant health, increase stress resilience, and promote overall growth. The article discusses the potential applications of proteomics in agriculture and environmental sciences, emphasizing its role in crop resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses, optimizing biocontrol strategies, and improving nutrient use efficiency. The article also highlights that despite the advancements, critical gaps persist including the necessity for a deeper understanding of the temporal dynamics of proteomic responses, the specificity of protein-protein interactions, and the influence of environmental factors on the proteome induced by the endophytes. The review concludes by proposing future directions for proteomics research in plant-endophyte interactions for developing a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate molecular dialogues for developing a more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.