Hydro-geochemistry of groundwater and trace elements contamination in the Chakari Plain, Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan

Abstract Groundwater in the Chakari Plain is the main source for drinking and agriculture. This study presents an assessment of groundwater quality with a focus on potential hazards of heavy metal contamination in the Chakari Plain of Afghanistan. In this thirteen groundwater samples and one river water sample were collected in January 2013 to measure physical characteristics, major ions and trace element concentrations. Pollution indices such as Water Quality Index (WQI), Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), and the degree of Contamination (Cd) were used to evaluate the groundwater quality of Chakari Plain. The results revealed that the concentrations of copper, cobalt and chromium in the Chakari Basin groundwater are considerable. Overall, all heavy metal pollution indices were within permissible limits. The study infers that anthropogenic activities, particularly mineral exploration, could pose a future risk of heavy metal contamination in the area. This research provides a valuable baseline for assessing future groundwater quality changes and environmental impacts related to the Aynak Copper Mine Project. The findings of this study highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and management to mitigate potential risks and long-term safety of groundwater resources.