Hiemenz flow of tetra nanofluid on a shrinking surface

This study examines the Hiemenz flow of a tetra hybrid nanofluid comprising aluminum oxide/alumina (Al2 O3), copper (Cu), silicon dioxide/silica (SiO2), and titanium dioxide/titania (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in a water-based fluid over a shrinking sheet, focusing on the effects of varying the velocity ratio parameter and nanoparticle volume fractions on key flow characteristics. The analysis evaluates skin friction, the Nusselt number (indicating heat transfer efficiency), velocity and temperature profiles. The governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity transformations and solved numerically using the Matlab bvp4c solver. The results indicate that the skin friction is significantly influenced by changes in the velocity ratio parameter, while the tetra nanofluid demonstrates a superior thermal performance compared to ternary and binary nanofluids. Two distinct solutions are identified within specific parameter intervals. These findings underscore the advanced heat transfer capabilities and flow stability of the tetra nanofluid, particularly for combinations incorporating aluminum oxide, copper, silicon dioxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.