Population Pharmacokinetic Analyses and Exposure–Efficacy Relationships of Venetoclax in Chinese Pediatric Patients with Hematological Malignancy in a Real‐World Setting

Yinyu Zhao,1,2,* Xuchen Song,1,3,* Lin Zhang,4 Yidan Zhu,1,2 Jiali Chen,1,3 Yiru Gong,1,2 Xingxian Luo,1 Huan He,5 Xiaohong Zhang,1 Lin Huang1 1Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children’s Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Lin Huang, Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People’s Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]: Venetoclax (VEN), a selective B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor, is used in pediatric hematologic malignancies. Research on individualized VEN therapy in Chinese pediatric patients remains limited. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model in Chinese pediatric patients, identify covariates influencing pharmacokinetics, support personalized dosing, and explore exposure-efficacy relationships in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML).Methods: PPK modeling was based on 225 plasma concentrations from 96 patients using nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) modeling in Phoenix NLME software. A retrospective cohort of 52 AML patients receiving VEN with hypomethylating agents was analyzed, grouped as newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory (R/R). Minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity was the primary endpoint. Mann–Whitney U-tests and logistic regression assessed associations between trough concentration (C0) and 6-hour post-dose concentration (C6) levels and MRD status.Results: A one-compartment model best described the pharmacokinetics of VEN. Body surface area (BSA) and the use of triazole drugs significantly influenced apparent clearance (CL/F), while total protein (TP) had a significant impact on apparent volume of distribution (V/F). The final model estimates were: ka = 0.15 h− 1 (fixed), V/F = 124.7 L, CL/F = 4.8 L⋠h− 1. In both newly diagnosed and R/R AML patients, C0 and C6 concentrations were significantly higher in the MRD-negative group than in the MRD-positive group (all p < 0.05). Exposure–response analyses demonstrated a consistent positive association between higher VEN exposure and MRD negativity. Logistic regression further confirmed that both C0 and C6 were independent predictors of achieving MRD negativity. Notably, in the R/R cohort, higher C6 exposure quartiles were significantly associated with increased MRD-negative rates.Conclusion: This study establishes the first real-world population pharmacokinetic model of venetoclax in Chinese pediatric patients and demonstrates a clinically meaningful exposure–response relationship. The positive association between VEN exposure and MRD negativity supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring and PPK-guided dosing to optimize treatment in pediatric AML.Keywords: venetoclax, pediatric, hematological malignancy, population pharmacokinetics