Grand challenges in healthcare simulation

The paper describes grand challenges in healthcare simulation for the next ten years. We consider challenges within seven themes that are likely to have the greatest impact on healthcare simulation during the next decade: digital twins and real time simulation, open science for simulation, validation, improving the integration of the health system, decision support, including human behaviour, equity and health inequality. Drawing on previous work in the area, we suggest directions that healthcare simulation research may follow and the associated challenges. Our aim is to help shape the research agenda in this important area.