Phenotypic characterization and Multivariate analysis of Bali cattle in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are well known for their high adaptive capacity to harsh environmental conditions, and low-input management ystems. Despite these adaptive advantages, its productivity is relatively low and varies between areas largely due to seasonal drought. In such a conditons, phenotypic characteristics can be used for developing appropriate improvement strategies for smallholder production systems in the region. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic variations of Bali cattle in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia, by integrating quantitative and qualitative traits using multivariate statistical approaches. Phenotypic data were collected from cattle raised under traditional management systems across several districts. Quantitative measurements included body weight, shoulder height, body length, chest circumference, chest width, and tail length, while qualitative traits encompassed coat color and horn shape. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were employed to assess relationships among traits, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis to explore the underlying structure of phenotypic variation. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between body weight and chest circumference (r = 0.81), indicating that chest girth is a reliable proxy for overall body size. PCA demonstrated that the first principal component accounted for the majority of phenotypic variability, primarily influenced by body weight, body length, and chest circumference. Cluster analysis grouped cattle populations by regional origin, suggesting phenotypic differentiation potentially shaped by environmental conditions and management practices. This study provides baseline phenotypic information to support selection strategies and sustainable breeding programs for Bali cattle in tropical environments.