Flaring reduction solutions: How Norway, the US and Russia regulate flaring to mitigate black carbon emissions in the Arctic

Abstract Gas flaring is a common practice for burning excessive gas during oil and gas production. Flaring results in the release of various pollutants that contribute to climate change. In the Arctic, black carbon emissions released from flaring, in and near the region, contribute to local warming. This article seeks to increase knowledge on reducing black carbon emissions in the Arctic by examining national and subnational flaring regulatory frameworks in Norway, the US and Russia. Our findings show that national and subnational regulatory frameworks should be flexible regarding issuing gas flaring permits but also contain stringent compliance and enforcement mechanisms. This article's research outcomes highlight that national regulations should be adapted to specific oil and gas production conditions, such as the remoteness of production sites, along with the potential operator's limited access to advanced technology, infrastructure and financial resources. Subnational regulatory frameworks are important in addressing gaps in national regulation. However, the limited subnational regulatory authority may hinder the regulation's development and implementation.