Pathways to self-reliance in the Indian solar photovoltaic manufacturing supply chain

India’s ambitious renewable energy targets and its vision for energy self-reliance critically depend on a resilient and competitive solar photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing ecosystem. However, India’s heavy reliance on imported solar modules, primarily from China, poses significant risks to energy security, economic stability, and long-term sustainability. This study investigates the Indian Solar PV manufacturing sector to identify structural gaps and propose actionable strategies for achieving self-reliance. The paper offers a multidimensional assessment of the industry’s competitiveness and supply chain vulnerabilities by employing a hybrid research methodology combining Porter’s Five Forces Framework and expert interviews. The findings reveal that traditional localization strategies have not sufficiently empowered domestic manufacturers to scale, integrate, or compete globally. In response, the study introduces the concept of deep localization. This strategic framework extends beyond surface-level sourcing to include vertical and horizontal integration, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises participation, innovation, regulatory coherence, and socio-cultural alignment. The research outlines a phased roadmap for operationalizing deep localization: Phase 1 focuses on foundation building, Phase 2 strengthens the supply chain and technology, and Phase 3 emphasises system efficiency and sustainability. The qualitative nature of this study provides an in-depth assessment of complex structural and strategic dimensions within India’s solar PV sector. It also complements the methodological rigour by offering a conceptual foundation for future quantitative validation. The paper concludes that deep localization is not just an industrial strategy but a transformative approach to self-reliance and enhancing global competitiveness, aligning with India’s sustainable goals.