Convergence of the Sacred Axis in Jerusalem: An Alternative Hypothesis on the Location of Golgotha at the Foundation Rock

This paper proposes a re-evaluation of the sacred topography of 1st-century AD Jerusalem. The central hypothesis argues that the Temple of Herod was displaced toward the south, specifically the City of David, which would identify thepromontory of the current Dome of the Rock as the true site of Golgotha. This model unifies four theological and archaeological milestones in a single vertical axis: the Tomb of Adam (in the lower cave), the Altar of Abraham (on the surface of the rock), the Crucifixion of Christ (Golgotha), and the proximity of a sepulchral garden on the eastern slope of the Kidron Valley.