Performance Enhancement and Emission Reduction in IC Engines Using Nano particles

The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of fossil fuels have encouraged the development of alternative fuels for internal combustion (IC) engines. Biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel; however, its relatively high viscosity and lower calorific value can negatively affect engine performance. In this study, the effect of nanoparticle-additized biodiesel blends on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine is investigated. Metal oxide nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and CuO are dispersed in biodiesel–diesel blends using ultrasonication and appropriate surfactants to ensure stability. Experimental tests are conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying load conditions. Results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles enhances brake thermal efficiency, improves combustion characteristics, and reduces specific fuel consumption due to improved atomization and catalytic activity. Significant reductions in CO, HC, and smoke opacity are observed, while NOx emissions show a marginal increase, which can be controlled with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The study demonstrates that nanoparticle-enhanced biodiesel blends are a viable approach for performance improvement and emission reduction in IC engines.