A review of materials and structures for passive lunar dust mitigation and anticontamination in space and extreme environment applications

The harsh lunar environment presents unique challenges, particularly the pervasive lunar dust, which poses significant risks to both equipment and human operations. This review comprehensively examines the latest advancements in passive lunar dust mitigation surfaces, focusing on preparation, processing methods, analysis techniques, properties, and applications. We explore various materials and surface engineering strategies developed to counteract the abrasive and adhesive nature of lunar dust. Detailed insights into the preparation and characterization of these surfaces, including their mechanical and tribological properties, are provided. Additionally, we discuss state-of-the-art processing techniques such as coating, texturing, and self-cleaning mechanisms, highlighting their efficacy in mitigating dust accumulation. Advanced analytical methods employed to assess surface performance under simulated lunar conditions are reviewed. The potential applications of these technologies span from lunar habitats and rovers to spacesuits and solar panels, emphasizing their critical role in ensuring the success of lunar missions. Passive lunar dust mitigating coatings could be used in combination with active methods such as electrostatic dust removal, mechanical brushing, and magnetic systems to reduce the power requirements, or in applications in which active methods of mitigation are not feasible. Finally, we delve into future directions and cutting-edge approaches, including the integration of nanotechnology and smart materials, to enhance the durability and functionality of dust mitigation surfaces. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of passive lunar dust mitigation, guiding future research and development in this pivotal area of space exploration.