high association between urban communities and low-density infections

Background: Effective malaria control requires accurate identification of Plasmodium infections to tailor interventions appropriately. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are crucial tools for this purpose due to their small size and ease-of-use functionality. These tests typically target the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) antigen. However, some strains of P. falciparum have deletions in the hrp2 and hrp3 genes, which may result in a false negative diagnosis using HRP2-based RDTs. Additionally, RDTs have a detection limit of 100 parasites per microlitre, insufficient for identifying low-density infections that sustain malaria transmission. This study explores integrating molecular monitoring using a novel cartridge-based PCR test, PlasmoPod, using samples from a malaria indicator survey (MIS) on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea to enhance detection of low-density infections and inform targeted malaria control strategies. Methods: The study utilized a combination of RDTs and the DiaxxoPCR device for molecular monitoring. The device DiaxxoPCR uses a prefilled cartridge system, termed PlasmoPod for a malaria-based assay that employs a qPCR assay targeting 18S rDNA/rRNA. Samples from the 2023 MIS were extracted from dried blood spots (DBS), qPCR run in duplicate on the PlasmoPod. Epidemiological data from the MIS were merged with molecular data and the association between MIS variables to malaria infection by qPCR, and low-density infections were measured. Results: The integration of molecular monitoring revealed a proportion of low-density infections that circumvented RDTs diagnosis. Notably, individuals in urban communities and those reporting recent fever were more likely to harbour low-density, asymptomatic malaria infections. Findings suggest that urban residents, although less associated to malaria infection than rural residents by both RDT and qPCR, may be serving as a transmission reservoir. The relationship between low-density infections and individuals who recently reported fever may reflect recent anti-malarial treatment or natural clearance, and thus have lingering parasites in their blood. Conclusion: The study highlights the limitations of HRP2-based RDTs in detecting low density infections and underscores the potential of molecular tools like PlasmoPod in malaria surveillance. By identifying elusive transmission reservoirs and tracking parasite importation, molecular monitoring can play a crucial role in achieving malaria elimination. The findings advocate for the broader implementation of molecular diagnostics in malaria programs, especially in areas with low transmission, to enhance the detection and targeting of hidden reservoirs of infection.