On the power of multipartite entanglement for pseudotelepathy

As early as 1935, Schrödinger recognized entanglement as “not one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought.” Indeed, most remarkable phenomena in quantum information science, such as quantum computing and quantum teleportation, spring from clever uses of entanglement. Among them, pseudotelepathy enables two or more players to win systematically at some cooperative games with no need for communication between them, a restriction that would make the task impossible in a classical world. We investigate the power of multipartite entanglement for pseudotelepathy. Some known games that can be won with tripartite entanglement cannot be won with bipartite entanglement, but they can be won with bipartite nonsignaling resources such as the so-called Popescu–Rohrlich nonlocal box. We exhibit a five-player game that can be won with tripartite entanglement, but not with arbitrary bipartite nonsignaling resources even in the presence of arbitrary five-partite classical resources. This illustrates both the power of bipartite nonsignaling resources (over bipartite entanglement) and the even superior power of tripartite entanglement.