Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ocean Current Energy Harvesting: Mechanisms, Materials, Challenges, and Future Directions

Marine environmental monitoring and other missions demand long-term power supply for equipment. Addressing the shortcomings of existing power supply methods, this paper focuses on flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (FOCE-TENG), a novel marine current energy harvesting technology, and reviews its latest research progress. This technology efficiently captures low-velocity marine current energy and is suitable for scenarios where traditional technologies struggle to operate. Drawing on interdisciplinary theories, the paper elucidates key aspects including flow-induced vibration mechanisms, power generation performance regulation, and testing systems. It demonstrates that optimizing structural design and materials can enhance efficiency and stability. While challenges remain, such as adapting to extreme environments, future technological advancements hold promise for engineering applications, enabling sustainable power supply for underwater equipment.