Cervical Cytology and Age in HPV-Infected Women in North Macedonia: A Cross-Sectional Study

This study confirmed the association between HPV infection and cytological changes, particularly in younger age groups. These results highlight the importance of age-tailored screening approaches and support the continued use of conventional Pap smears as cost-effective tools. Integrating virological and microbiological assessments may further refine cervical cancer prevention strategies, particularly in transitional healthcare systems across the Western Balkans.