Stewart-based characterization of blood acid–base recovery over 48 h following exercise under hot condition in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Stewart analysis showed prolonged disruption driven by persistent strong-ion and weak-acid disequilibria rather than respiratory adjustment alone. In this small cohort of exercise-unacclimatized dromedary camels studied under a single standardized field-exercise protocol, environmental cooling did not ensure systemic normalization, and recovery was constrained by intrinsic physiological inertia. Clinically, recovery after exertional heat exposure cannot be assumed complete within 24h, underscoring monitoring of strong-ion and protein-phosphate domains alongside conventional blood gases. Such an experiment provides a time-resolved, mechanistic, hypothesis-generating reference framework.