DISEASES AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN: CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

Normal growth and development are essential indicators of a child’s health and well-being. Various medical conditions can interfere with physical growth, cognitive maturation, and psychosocial development during childhood. Growth and developmental disorders may arise from genetic abnormalities, endocrine dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, and environmental factors. Early identification and management of these conditions are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life. The aim of this article is to review the major diseases that affect children’s growth and development, their underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and current diagnostic approaches. The study is based on a review of medical literature and epidemiological data concerning pediatric growth disorders. The findings indicate that endocrine disorders, malnutrition, congenital diseases, and chronic infections represent the most significant causes of impaired growth and development in children. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are essential to ensure optimal outcomes.