Modeling Williams syndrome from a neurodevelopmental perspective: recent advances, model-based translational insights and future directions

This review synthesizes recent progress in WS modeling in the context of neurodevelopmental impairments. While animal models and forebrain organoids have substantially accelerated both mechanistic understanding and translational research in WS, effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are still unavailable. Integration of animal models and forebrain organoids, together with the advanced technologies, will be essential for biomarker discovery and development of mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.