Heat stress suppresses lactation through potential rumen-mammary communication mediated by extracellular vesicles: integrated analysis of microbiome, metabolome, and miRNA profiles

This study demonstrates that HS suppresses lactation through multi-level alterations in the rumen microbiome, metabolic homeostasis, and EV-derived miRNA signaling, collectively supporting the existence of a potential rumen-mammary communication axis. These findings offer novel insights into the pathogenesis of HS responses.