Environmental inspection in Europe: comparative analysis and methodological proposal based on the spanish case

Abstract This study comparatively analyses the environmental inspection systems implemented in different European countries with the aim of contextualising and strengthening the evaluation of the model developed in Spain, taking the case of the Valencian Community as a reference. Based on an applied, comparative and mixed approach, the research is structured in three phases: a documentary and regulatory review of the European and regional legal framework; a technical and comparative analysis of environmental inspection programmes, considering their degree of compliance, prioritisation by risk and transparency; and the design of an improved methodological proposal aimed at optimising the planning and execution of inspections. The results show similarities with the most advanced European models, such as those in the Netherlands and Denmark, and highlight the need to strengthen institutional coordination, transparency and the evaluation of results in environmental management. The proposed methodology allows for the rationalisation of resources, the prioritisation of interventions according to risk and the establishment of mechanisms for continuous improvement, contributing to more effective and adaptive environmental governance. Overall, the study provides a practical and transferable tool for moving towards more strategic and integrated environmental oversight that is consistent with the European Union’s sustainability objectives.