Tropical stratospheric upwelling as seen in observations of the tape recorder signal

Abstract. Tropical upwelling constitutes the ascending branch of the global mean stratospheric circulation and governs the thermal and chemical properties of the tropical stratosphere. A lack of direct observations and a spread in upwelling structure across the modern reanalysis creates difficulties in determining variability and long-term changes of tropical upwelling. We have derived time series of effective vertical transport in the tropical lower and middle stratosphere from MLS and SWOOSH water vapour for 2005–2020 and 1995–2020. Our calculated upwelling is found to be in the range of 0.21–0.33 mm s−1 for 73–28 hPa in very good agreement with reanalysis vertical velocities (ERA5, JRA-3Q, MERRA-2) and other observation-based estimates (ANCISTRUS). We show that interannual variations of upwelling in the middle stratosphere are dominated by the QBO signal, which explains a large fraction of the upwelling anomalies. In the lower stratosphere, tropospheric modes of variability also play a role with the QBO and ENSO being equally important for explaining interannual variability. Individual peaks of strongly enhanced upwelling in the lower stratosphere in 2000/01 and 2011/12 cannot be explained by QBO or ENSO variability and coincide with known drops in water vapour and cold point temperatures. We use independent observational data to show that tropical upwelling is anticorrelated with long-lived stratospheric tracers such as ozone as expected, lending confidence to the derived values. A reduction in variability is observed for 2016–2020 in our calculated upwelling and observed ozone, which is consistent with the disruption to regular QBO variability over this period.