An Overview of Recent Advances in the Online Temperature Estimation of PMSM in Electric Vehicle Applications

Online temperature estimation of key components (windings and magnets) in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) has emerged as a critical technology for ensuring the safe operation of PMSMs, preventing insulation degradation, and avoiding the demagnetization of magnets. Because of such advantages, online temperature estimation is attracting growing attention from fields with stringent reliability requirements, such as electric vehicles, as well as electrified railway transportation and more/all-electric aircraft, where similar high-reliability demands exist. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the latest and most effective solutions in the online temperature estimation methods for PMSMs. It analyzes the principles, application progress, and limitations of existing methods, including electrical model-based approaches, thermal model-based approaches, and data-driven approaches, in which process the advantages and challenges of different methods are compared. And an outlook on the future application of this technology are summarized.